These latter viruses include influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and seasonal coronaviruses. In contrast, viruses that infect mucosal surfaces and do not have a viremic phase typically result in antibody responses that are detected for months or a few years. Viruses that result in a systemic infection with viremia usually induce long-lived antibody responses that last for a decade or more ( Table 1). Most of what is known about immune responses to virus infections pertains to the duration of the antibody response.
Here we review the literature on the duration of antibody responses and reinfection for SARS-CoV-2, as well as for other viruses, and consider the implications for control of SARS-CoV-2 and for vaccines. This may not be entirely surprising in view of what is known about seasonal coronaviruses and other respiratory infections. While well-documented reports of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 virus are relatively uncommon, cases of reinfection have been reported throughout the world, despite the fact that the virus has been present in the human population for less than a year.
Thus, SARS-CoV-2 carries a high burden of mortality and morbidity.Īlthough some viral infections result in lifelong immunity, other viruses can result in repeated reinfections throughout life. While most patients recover fully from infection, in one study 87% of hospitalized patients still had symptoms 60 days after onset, manifested as fatigue in 53% of persons, dyspnea in 43%, arthralgias in 27%, and chest pain in 22%.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected over 80 million people worldwide and resulted in over 1.8 million deaths. SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, reinfection, coronavirus, SARS
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